Business and Finance Development: June 2011

Saturday, June 18, 2011

Infant dies from Maude St. house fire - WRCBtv.com | Chattanooga News, Weather & Sports

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 8:35 PM

CHATTANOOGA (WRCB)-- A house fire claims the life of an infant.

It happened around 11 am on Maude Street.

A second child and a babysitter are in critical condition.

The landlord says he just rented this home to a woman and her two children this week. But the woman that was with the kids Saturday morning wasn't their mother. Authorities believe she was babysitting.

"I came on my front porch and I saw fire and smoke coming out through the front of the house," says Edward Woodgett.

Edward Woodgett lives directly next door from the home at 70 Maude Street.

"I went next door to try to see if anyone was in there and I heard children crying," says Woodgett.

Woodgett called 911, then picked up a five gallon bucket, filled it with water and started attacking the blaze before fire trucks arrived.

"I wanted to kick the front door open, but there was so much fire and smoke that I couldn't and about that time the front window blew out," says Woodgett.

When Tina Cheeks returned home around noon, she found her street blocked by police cars and fire trucks.

"They were new people, they just moved in and seemed to be real friendly," says Cheeks.

Minutes before, firefighters removed a woman and two small children from the home.

"The first firefighter in the lead was feeling on the floor and found an infant on the floor," says Chattanooga Fire spokesperson Bruce Garner.

The second child was found on a bed, all three in a back bedroom.

The victim's were immediately taken outside and put in an ambulance, but it was too late for the younger child.

Upon arrival at Erlanger, the baby was pronounced dead.

For Edward Woodgett and his Maude Street neighbors, it's a hard reality to face.

"It's something tragic. Only thing I can say is it's in the hands of the Lord. I feel sorry for the people, you know, but there just wasn't anything I could do," says Woodgett.

"It's real tragic, my heart goes out to the family," says Cheeks.

Officials still haven't released the victim's names or ages of the children, but neighbors tell Eyewitness News they were very young, around two or three.

The older child is at T.C. Thompson's.

The babysitter was first taken to Erlanger, but is expected to be transported to a burn center in Augusta, Georgia.

The cause of the fire is still under investigation.

70 Maude St
Chattanooga, TN 37403

Unrated
Bedrooms: --
Bathrooms: --
Sqft: 1,427
Lot size: --
Property type: Single Family
Year built: 1960
Parking type: --
Cooling system: --
Heating system: --
Fireplace: --
Last sold: June 15 2005
Description
This is a 1427 square foot, single family home. It is located at 70 Maude St Chattanooga, Tennessee. This home is in the Hamilton County School Distrct School District. The nearest schools are Chattanooga School For The Arts And Science, Orchard Knob Middle School and Brainerd High School.

: $55,000Rent Zestimate:$741/mo
Mortgage payment:
$218/mo
See current rates on Zillow
Source
06/15/2005 Sold $11,193 -- $7 Public Record

2010 $245 -0.1% $8,850 --
2009 $245 -5.4% $8,850 7.6%
2008 $259 -- $8,225 --
2007 $259 8.8% $8,225 --
2006 $238 -- $8,225
Wyndham Capital MortgageWyndham Capital Mortgage(new to zillow) 4.250% 4.370% $3,452
Roundpoint Mortgage (183) 4.250% 4.371% $3,479
Myers Park National Lending Center (10) 4.375% 4.387% $349
See more quotes

Infant dies from Maude St. house fire - WRCBtv.com | Chattanooga News, Weather & Sports

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 8:35 PM

New Details In East Ridge Murder | murder, ridge, jail - WTVC NewsChannel 9: Chattanooga News, Weather, Radar, Sports, Lottery

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:42 PM

New Details In East Ridge Murder | murder, ridge, jail - WTVC NewsChannel 9: Chattanooga News, Weather, Radar, Sports, Lottery

East Ridge Murder Investigation

Police arrest a man in connection with an elderly woman's death.

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New Details In East Ridge Murder
June 17, 2011 5:12 PM

Karen Zatkulak
One man is in jail in connection with a 70 year old woman's murder, but the case is far from over. We're learning new details about Jane Stokes murder, and we're also taking a closer look at how the case was handled.

While one arrest has been made in the case, investigators are still busy. They say there's evidence who robbed Stokes, but they're still unsure who killed her.

70 year old Jane Stokes died violently. The medical examiner's report says she was killed by suffocation, found bound on her bedroom floor. Police say Randall Reed stole her credit cards, and turned himself in Thursday night. East Ridge Police Spokesperson Erik Hopkins says, "As of right now, Mr. Randall Reed has been charged with theft, but not in connection to the homicide."

Police say there were no signs of forced entry into Stoke's home. Neighbors tell us a tree had fallen on her home during the tornadoes, and several men were working to fix her chimney. Police aren't yet releasing whether Reed was one of those workers, or if he even knew Stokes.

We do know that he rented an apartment nearby in East Ridge with another woman. But, police say they had checked into the Travelodge for 2 nights, the day Stokes body was found.

Plastic wraps covered Stokes face and her hands were tied behind her back, so we wanted to know why police waited 29 hours to tell the public a killer was on the loose. Hopkins says, "Everything was pending because we didn't know it was a murder, we didn't know if there was going to be a murder investigation."

Here's a timeline of the investigation. The affidavit says someone entered Stokes home sometime Wednesday morning, and assaulted her. It says within an hour and fifteen minutes, Reed used Stokes credit cards.

At 11 that morning, police found her body, then released a statement 3 hours later, reporting her death.

An hour and a half later, they sent another release, saying the case was suspicious.

It wasn't until 4 the next afternoon, that police told the public they were looking for a suspect. Hopkins says, "We didn't want to falsely alarm anyone either, we wanted evidence to speak for itself, and that's what we were wanting on."

We've learned that Reed has a lengthy criminal history, including 14 theft and 13 forgery charges, but, he has no prior counts of violent offenses.

Police aren't saying whether there are any other suspects right now in the murder.

New Details In East Ridge Murder | murder, ridge, jail - WTVC NewsChannel 9: Chattanooga News, Weather, Radar, Sports, Lottery

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:42 PM

East Ridge Police Arrest Man In Connection with Stokes Death Investigation | WDEF News 12 | News, Weather and Sports for Chattanooga and the Tennessee Valley

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:37 PM

East Ridge Police Arrest Man In Connection with Stokes Death Investigation | WDEF News 12 | News, Weather and Sports for Chattanooga and the Tennessee Valley

East Ridge Police Arrest Man In Connection with Stokes Death Investigation
Submitted by WDEF News 12 on June 17, 2011 - 7:09am. News | Crime | Hamilton County News
Release from East Ridge Police:

East Ridge Police criminal investigators have identified the suspect in the ATM photograph released yesterday afternoon.

The suspect has been identified as Randall Reed, a 43 year old, (DOB 11/19/1967) white male, of East Ridge, TN.

Mr. Reed was arrested and transported to Hamilton County Jail where he was charged with the theft of Jane Stokes credit card. Investigators have also executed a search warrant and performed multiple searches of the suspect’s motel room and vehicle.

The homicide investigation is still ongoing as detectives continue to process evidence and follow up on additional leads. Mr. Reed is scheduled to appear in East Ridge Municipal Court on Tuesday, June 21, 2011, at 5:00 pm.

Anyone with information about this crime is encouraged to contact the East Ridge Police Department at 423-867-3718. After business hours contact East Ridge dispatch at 423-622-1725, or the Confidential Tip-Line at 423-867-0016.

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Thank goodness they caught this man
Submitted by Guest (not verified) on June 17, 2011 - 4:14pm.
I am so happy they caught this guy so quick. This is one of the saddest stories I have seen in a long time. I can not imagine what she went through and my thoughts and prayers are with her family, friends, and neighbors.

» reply | email this page
The police caught a huge
Submitted by Guest (not verified) on June 17, 2011 - 11:49am.
The police caught a huge freakin' break with that ridiculously good picture they got of him (ATM maybe?).

My camera doesn't even take pictures that good

» reply | email this page

East Ridge Police Arrest Man In Connection with Stokes Death Investigation | WDEF News 12 | News, Weather and Sports for Chattanooga and the Tennessee Valley

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:37 PM

Buena Vista Park neighbors wary after body found

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:33 PM

Buena Vista Park neighbors wary after body found

San Francisco's Buena Vista Park was quiet as daylight broke Friday. The only sounds along the steep ascent of one of the park's many hills were the chirpings of birds, the steps of a lone dog walker and a rustling from the brush.

Out of the bushes emerged Dave Thompson, 24. Wearing a brown plaid shirt and tan overalls with a rip in the back, he dragged with him a dusty black sleeping bag, a backpack, and the scent of last night's cigarettes and this morning's hangover.

The presence of young homeless people like Thompson is nothing new in the Haight-Ashbury park, but after a smoldering body was discovered early June 10 north of the tennis courts, frequent park-goers have become a little more wary of the illegal campers.

As the mystery behind the body grows - police still have not made an identification - so do the park-goers' suspicions and concerns.

"My first thought was that it was probably a homeless person," Orion Pitts, 60, said of the man who police believe was a homicide victim. "There are so many homeless and indigent and young kids here."

Two kinds

Richard Magary, the Buena Vista Neighborhood Association steering committee chair, said he sees two populations among the park campers. There are the hard-core homeless, the majority of whom suffer from mental disorders or substance abuse issues - and then there are the street kids.

This time of year, the number of people living in the park increases, mostly because of an influx of younger people, said Capt. Denis O'Leary, head of the Police Department's Park Station.

"We can cite as many as 25 and as little as five" per week, O'Leary said. "It has to do with the weather, it has to do with concerts, it has to do with other events."

O'Leary wouldn't comment on the investigation into the charred body. But Thompson said the crime doesn't sound like something that a homeless person living in the park would commit.

Violent aspects

Thompson says he has lived all over the country for the past 11 years and spent the past two nights in the park. He doesn't think of himself as homeless, but rather, "houseless" - a "global citizen" who carries his home on his back.

Thompson admitted that violence is a fact of life in his world. A scar runs down his right cheek from when a homeless man took a scalpel to his face. His left earlobe is torn as if someone ripped an earring from it.

But murder? "Nothing ever goes that far," Thompson said. "There are some wing nuts out there, but not the street kids."

Last week's death wasn't the first homicide in Buena Vista Park, however. In July, a homeless man stabbed to death another homeless man in the park in a dispute over a woman.

Unpredictability

Walt Bell, 49, runs the nearby Black Nose Trading Company pet services store and walks his dogs in the park. He says many of the park's illegal campers are harmless, but he can never be sure.

"It's sort of, 'What do you know, what don't you know?' " Bell said. "You run into some who are 'pharmaceutically adjusted.' One guy just came running at us. Another guy came out of the bushes, his pants around his ankles, stoned out of his mind."

Officers from Park Station run patrols starting at 4 a.m. and ending at 9 p.m., O'Leary said. Magary said he sees officers going in during the day and their headlights searching during the night.

But in the two days Thompson spent camped in Buena Vista Park, he said, he didn't encounter any police officers telling him to move along.

Buena Vista Park neighbors wary after body found

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:33 PM

Call leads to possible human trafficking scheme

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:29 PM

Call leads to possible human trafficking scheme
(06-17) 17:41 PDT Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AP) --

San Bernardino County sheriff's officials are investigating a possible human trafficking scheme in Rancho Cucamonga.

Sheriff's spokeswoman Cindy Bachman says a dispatcher got a phone call from a Spanish speaking man on Friday who said he and several others were being held against their will at a home.

The cell phone call dropped before the dispatcher could get more information.

Detectives worked with the cell phone company to narrow down the caller's location to a residence which they searched on Friday afternoon.

They arrested two men and are interviewing six Hispanic victims found at the home.

Bachman says they appeared to be in good condition.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents are assisting with the ongoing investigation.

Call leads to possible human trafficking scheme

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:29 PM

Parvin found guilty in death of his wife - WTVA.com

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:24 PM

Parvin found guilty in death of his wife - WTVA.com

ABERDEEN, Miss. (WTVA) - A Monroe County jury found a Starkville man guilty in the death of his wife.

David Parvin was charged with the shooting death of his wife Joyce at the couple's home in Aberdeen in 2007.

He had pleaded not guilty, and in February of last year the trial was delayed.

But, on Monday of this week, the trial began in Aberdeen for the former MSU professor.

Assistant District Attorney Paul Gault tells WTVA.com that the case was presented to the jury for deliberation around lunch on Friday and returned a verdict around 3:30.

The judge then sentenced Parvin to life in prison.

Parvin found guilty in death of his wife - WTVA.com

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 7:24 PM

Montel Williams is the New Face of Predatory Lending - COLORLINES

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 6:00 AM

Montel Williams is the New Face of Predatory Lending - COLORLINESMontel Williams is the New Face of Predatory Lending
by Jorge Rivas ShareThis | Print | Comment (2)
Thursday, February 11 2010, 1:27 PM EST Tags: pay-day loans, predatory lending

Share
Since his partnership with that crazy psychic Sylvia Browne didn’t work out, Montell Williams now has a new venture with “payday loans” provider Money Mutual.

According to Money Mutual:
“When it comes to financial assistance Montel Williams understands that people will find unexpected and needed expenses from time to time that are difficult to pay for due to lack of funds or credit.”

What they didn’t say is that he also has no problem taking advantage of folks in need and endorsing a company that loans money with 459% + APR rates.

It’s no accident Money Mutual chose Montell to endorse the company. Pay day loan shops are mostly in poor, predominantly Black and Latino urban neighborhoods where he’ll be easily recognized and more likely to make a connection with those who see the advertisements.

Renee over at Womanist Musings sums it up best:
Payday loan lending institutions are benefiting and Montel Williams is benefiting, while poor Blacks are once again footing the bill.

Montel Williams is the New Face of Predatory Lending - COLORLINES

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 6:00 AM

Cleveland Daily Banner - Appeals Court rules on Fort Hill

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:52 AM

Cleveland Daily Banner - Appeals Court rules on Fort Hill
Appeals Court rules on Fort Hill
by DAVID DAVIS, Managing Editor 14 days ago | 829 views | 0 | 7 | |
The Court of Appeals at Knoxville ruled Betty Saint Rogers did not prove intentional infliction of emotional distress by Fort Hill Cemetery owner Joe V. Williams III and Louisville Land Company in a case that has been in Bradley County courts since 2004.

Bradley County Chancery Court Judge Jerri Bryant had previously awarded Rogers $250 for breach of contract, $45,000 for intentional infliction of emotional distress, $250,000 in punitive damages, $37,306 in attorney’s fees and $556 in discretionary costs in February 2010.

In a decision written by Judge D. Michael Swiney, he said intentional infliction of emotional distress was not proven and reversed that judgment and punitive damages.

“We also find and hold that because Plaintiff abandoned her statutory claim, she was not entitled to an award of attorney’s fees pursuant to the statute, and we reverse the award of attorney’s fees,” Swiney stated. “We further find and hold that Plaintiff did prove breach of contract, and we affirm the award of damages for breach of contract, and the remainder of the Trial Court’s final judgment.”

Swiney wrote, “The outcome of this appeal is not what this Court would have preferred. We sympathize with Plaintiff who clearly has had a difficult time, first tragically losing her son, and then dealing with Defendants ... Unfortunately, however, given the evidence in the record before us on appeal as applied to the controlling case law, we are constrained to decide as we have.”

Rogers sued Louisville Land Company and Joe V. Williams III alleging claims under the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, the Tennessee statutes governing cemeteries, outrageous conduct, and breach of contract, among other things.

Attorney David Hensley, of Chattanooga, represented Williams and Louisville Land Co., in the 2010 proceedings and in the appeals process.

Cleveland attorney James Logan represented Rogers throughout the lengthy trial.

Hensley said Thursday he wasn’t sure how fair it was to ask Bryant or any other judge to rule on a case that continued so long.

“I don’t know how fair it was to ask any judge to hear proof, then make a decision five years later,” he said.

Logan said this morning he would be appealing to the Tennessee Supreme Court with the hope the justices “will reinstate the principle of law that when a company or individual ignores their responsibilities, they subject themselves to reasonable remedies and punitive damages.

“The proof in this case was overwhelmingly clear and almost indisputable that Louisville Land Company and its sole proprietor, Joe V. Williams, turned a blind eye to the sanctity of the sepulcher.”

He said they would continue to monitor the cemetery and bring any failures of the cemetery to the court’s attention.

Rogers sued Williams and Louisville Land Company in April 2004 as owners of a portion (the south end) of Fort Hill Cemetery. The northern portion of the cemetery is owned by Bradley County and was not involved in the lawsuit.

She buried her son in the cemetery in 2001 and later purchased easements to two additional burial plots in the cemetery.

In April 2004, the state of Tennessee filed a separate suit against Louisville Land Company alleging the company failed to maintain the cemetery as required by Tennessee statutes. The two suits were later consolidated.

The issues involved in the state’s case were tried over several days in 2005 and 2006. Rogers’ claims were tried in February 2010, when only Rogers and Williams testified.

During the trial of the state’s case, extensive testimony was given regarding Williams’ alleged failure to maintain the cemetery. Witnesses testified about defendants’ failure to keep the cemetery mowed, the cemetery roads in good condition and necessary repairs to such things as monuments and signs. After the trial of the state’s case, the chancellor found Louisville Land Company had failed to maintain the Cemetery as required by Tennessee Code so as to reflect respect for the memory of the dead.

During Rogers’ testimony in February 2010, she stated her son died tragically in 2001 and was buried in a plot previously purchased by her husband. After her son was buried, she purchased easements to two additional lots in the cemetery.

“My thoughts at that time was that I wanted to be buried by my son. I wanted to be near him when I died,” Rogers testified. At the time of the purchase, she asked about cemetery maintenance, if it was mowed on a regular basis and kept clean. She was assured that it was, though she admittedly had concerns.

“The conditions didn’t improve. If anything, they deteriorated more. I had vaguely noticed some of the things there that I would like to have seen look better. Mowing was one of the things, and the roads were in bad condition. There was trash at the end of the road, flowers, and that kind of thing lying around.”

She said she and her other son maintained the grave site as she described grass higher than headstones, overturned headstones and roads in very poor condition. Some of the land was open and visibly eroded.

Concerning the impact the cemetery conditions had on her, Rogers said, “You were already grieving because you have lost someone that’s very precious to you. And when you go to the cemetery, you — this should be a time where you are reflecting on memories of that loved one, not a time of going to weed-eat the cemetery, looking as if they didn’t exist, that they didn’t — they’re not cared for. You’re leaving someone — when you bury them, you’re leaving them in the care of the people that you buy their lot from, and this was very degrading; it was disrespectful, to say the least.

“It was very, very emotional, very tearful. I knew that I had to do something to change this, and in 2004 I filed a suit with Mr. Logan; and since then I have seen some changes as a result of that; and I would like to see more.”

The opinion stated that while Rogers felt Williams’ actions, or lack of actions, were degrading and disrespectful, the record was devoid of any evidence she suffered any other physical manifestations of emotional distress regarding the duration of the time she was “very tearful.”

Since no actual damages were awarded, punitive damages may be awarded only if actual damages have first been awarded.

Rogers bought a lot in a cemetery and had the right to assume the cemetery would follow the statutes, rules, and regulations of the state of Tennessee; and this cemetery did not. It was proven the contract with Louisville Land Company was breached when the company did not follow the rules and regulations of the state of Tennessee.

Furthermore, Rogers testified that as a result of defendant Louisville Land Company’s breach of the contract, she had to do her own work to maintain her son’s grave site.

Hensley argued on appeal that the award of $250 was an arbitrary number and that there was no proof of actual damages.

However, damages are prohibited only when the existence of damage is uncertain, not when the amount is uncertain. When there is substantial evidence in the record and reasonable inferences may be drawn from that evidence, mathematical certainty is not required.

Plaintiff proved the elements of her claim for breach of contract.

Concerning the award of attorney’s fees, the court noted Logan announced abandoning claims regarding the state’s lawsuit.

“It is not necessary for us to determine whether Plaintiff would have been entitled to attorney’s fees if she had pursued her claims under the statute successfully, and we make no determination whatsoever with regard to that issue,” Swiney stated.

Cleveland Daily Banner - Appeals Court rules on Fort Hill

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:52 AM

Appeals Court rules on Fort Hill - Topix

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:49 AM

Appeals Court rules on Fort Hill - Topix

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:49 AM

Appeals Court rules on Fort Hill - Topix

Friday, June 17, 2011

ghettonqueen: tired.

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:03 AM

ghettonqueen: tired.

tired.
i'm going to shower in a minute and it's going to be fantastic.

We cleaned up the back yard and found some of the pins marking our lot. My love is going to call the best former junkies in town and get an estimate to remove a whole bunch of ivy, brush, and busted concrete. Hopefully our attorney will get back to us sometime in the next century so that we can stick it to the slumlord who owns the boarded up and vacant house next door to us.

ghettonqueen: tired.

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:03 AM

More News on Cleveland Vacant House Explosion « Baltimore Slumlord Watch

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:02 AM

More News on Cleveland Vacant House Explosion « Baltimore Slumlord Watch

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:02 AM

More News on Cleveland Vacant House Explosion « Baltimore Slumlord Watch

Tulsa Housing Authority to Punish Innocent Slumlords « Irritated Tulsan

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 4:56 AM

Tulsa Housing Authority to Punish Innocent Slumlords « Irritated TulsanIrritated Tulsan
HomeTulsan of the WeekAll Time Top 2030 Popular ListsYaw EnoAbout Irritated Tulsan
Tulsa Housing Authority to Punish Innocent Slumlords
MARCH 22, 2010
tags: Cleanup, meth, Meth Lab, Slumlord, THA, Tulsa Housing Authority
by Irritated Tulsan

Tulsa Housing Authority plans to place the burden of meth lab cleanup on innocent slumlords, before their property can be rented as Section 8. Homeowners will be required to pay for the cleanup if their property is used as a meth lab.

We, I mean they, don’t rent all of their properties to crackheads, especially the nice homes further south. Crack homes are pocket change to the slumlord. Just ask Carol Lambert, who has probably interviewed someone on the matter.

Not renting to meth chefs is counterproductive. It hurts the economy, tears down the American family and is not a green option. Here’s why:

1) Economy

By placing the burden on the slumlord, you remove the bloated invoices frequently approved by government agencies. Think Skiatook Public Schools. Corrupt businesses will have to lower their prices to stay competitive. This will result in laying-off workers, which will contribute to our continuing drop in sales tax revenue.

2) Family

Crackheads normally have bad credit because of something called the “unfortunate situation.” I’m not sure what “unfortunate situation” means, but it might be when someone is arrested because of mysterious drugs that appeared in their cars. They don’t know whom the drugs belong to or how they got there. This is frequently seen on Cops. Credit checks keep families from renting homes, which can leave children homeless. Do you want that on your conscience?

3) Green Option

Meth labs create hazardous chemicals that must be properly disposed. By not allowing the meth to safely pass through its host, it leaves unnecessary chemicals behind. The green option is to allow the crackhead to rent the home, therefore, leaving the chemicals indoors where they can easily filter through the body.

THA should not place the burden on slumlords. Why add another crack to their system?

March 31, 2010 8:15 am
Last week I heard about a solution to your problem, it seems some dummies (meth heads) were mixing their ingredients in a vehicle while driving on the highway and I guess the driver hit a pot hole and the van exploded.
You (I mean the slumlords) should put a clause in your (their) rental agreement that the only way meth dealers can make their product is in their van or any other vehicle. Not only will it keep the rental property intact, but the landlord probably will be able to rent their section 8 property sooner and the landlord will get to keep the deposit since the meth dealers broke their lease sooner than expected. Also this might create jobs since the highway department will be making repairs and not the slumlords, who have Section 8 rental property. Also, it will keep our court dockets clear for more important cases……a win win situation for all.
REPLY

Tulsa Housing Authority to Punish Innocent Slumlords « Irritated Tulsan

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 4:56 AM

Mike Munchak may testify in Scranton court in uncle’s corruption trial - Philadelphia Penn State Nittany Lions Football | Examiner.com

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 4:46 AM

Mike Munchak may testify in Scranton court in uncle’s corruption trial - Philadelphia Penn State Nittany Lions Football | Examiner.comDo you like this article?

Former Penn State football player and current head coach of the Tennessee Titans Mike Munchak is in Scranton today for his uncle's corruption trial taking place, now entering day eight of the trial. According to a source at The Scranton Times Tribune, the former Nittany Lion may be called upon to testify in the trial.

County Commissioner A.J. Munchak, Mike's uncle, is being questioned by Assistant U.S. Attorney William about tax forms he previously filed and his gambling habits while serving in the office as majority commissioner between 2004 and 2008. He took the stand Wednesday morning to testify. He is being charged for extortion under color of right, conspiracy and racketeering.

At this time there is no connection between Munchak and his uncle, but there is a possibility he could be called upon to testify in the proceedings.

Mike Munchak may testify in Scranton court in uncle’s corruption trial - Philadelphia Penn State Nittany Lions Football | Examiner.com

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 4:46 AM

Thursday, June 16, 2011

Borderline personality disorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Posted by ROFIAIFA at 5:41 PM

Borderline personality disorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Borderline personality disorder
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Borderline personality disorder
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 F60.3
ICD-9 301.83
MedlinePlus 000935
eMedicine article/913575
MeSH D001883
Personality
disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Paranoid · Schizoid
Schizotypal
Cluster B (dramatic)
Antisocial · Borderline
Histrionic · Narcissistic
Cluster C (anxious)
Avoidant · Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive
Not specified
Depressive
Passive–aggressive
Sadistic · Self-defeating
v · d · e
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a personality disorder described as a prolonged disturbance of personality function in a person (generally over the age of eighteen years, although it is also found in adolescents), characterized by depth and variability of moods.[n 1] The disorder typically involves unusual levels of instability in mood; black and white thinking, or splitting; the disorder often manifests itself in idealization and devaluation episodes, as well as chaotic and unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, identity, and behavior; as well as a disturbance in the individual's sense of self. In extreme cases, this disturbance in the sense of self can lead to periods of dissociation.[1]
BPD splitting includes a switch between idealizing and demonizing others. This, combined with mood disturbances, can undermine relationships with family, friends, and co-workers. BPD disturbances also may include self-harm.[2] Without treatment, symptoms may worsen, leading (in extreme cases) to suicide attempts.[n 2]
There is an ongoing debate among clinicians and patients worldwide about terminology and the use of the word borderline,[3] and some have suggested that this disorder should be renamed.[4] The ICD-10 manual has an alternative definition and terminology to this disorder, called Emotionally unstable personality disorder.
There is related concern that the diagnosis of BPD stigmatizes people and supports pejorative and discriminatory practices.[5] It is common for those suffering from borderline personality disorder and their families to feel compounded by a lack of clear diagnoses, effective treatments, and accurate information. This is true especially because of evidence that this disorder originates in the families of those who suffer from it[6] and has a lot to do with psychosocial and environmental factors (Axis IV), rather than belonging strictly in the personality disorders and mental retardation section (Axis II) of the DSM-IV construct. Conceptual, as well as therapeutic, relief may be obtained through evidence that BPD is closely related to traumatic events during childhood and to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), about which much more is known.[7]
Contents [hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Diagnosis
2.1 Adolescence
2.2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
2.3 International Classification of Disease
2.4 Chinese Society of Psychiatry
2.5 Millon's subtypes
2.6 Differential diagnosis
3 Causes
3.1 Childhood abuse
3.2 Other developmental factors
3.3 Genetics
3.4 Mediators and moderators
4 Management
4.1 Psychotherapy
4.2 Medications
4.3 Services
5 Prognosis
6 Epidemiology
7 History
8 Society and culture
8.1 Film and television
8.2 Literature
8.3 Awareness
9 Controversies
9.1 Gender
9.2 Stigma
9.3 Terminology
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Signs and symptoms

Borderline personality disorder is a diagnosis about which many articles and books have been written, yet about which very little is known based on empirical research.[8]
Studies suggest that individuals with BPD tend to experience frequent, strong and long-lasting states of aversive tension, often triggered by perceived rejection, being alone or perceived failure.[n 3] Individuals with BPD may show lability (changeability) between anger and anxiety or between depression and anxiety[9] and temperamental sensitivity to emotive stimuli.[10]
The negative emotional states specific to BPD may be grouped into four categories: destructive or self-destructive feelings; extreme feelings in general; feelings of fragmentation or lack of identity; and feelings of victimization.[11]
Individuals with BPD can be very sensitive to the way others treat them, reacting strongly to perceived criticism or hurtfulness. Their feelings about others often shift from positive to negative, generally after a disappointment or perceived threat of losing someone. Self-image can also change rapidly from extremely positive to extremely negative. Impulsive behaviors are common, including alcohol or drug abuse, unsafe sex, gambling and recklessness in general.[12] Attachment studies suggest individuals with BPD, while being high in intimacy- or novelty-seeking, can be hyper-alert[8] to signs of rejection or not being valued and tend toward insecure, avoidant or ambivalent, or fearfully preoccupied patterns in relationships.[13] They tend to view the world generally as dangerous and malevolent, and tend to view themselves as powerless, vulnerable, unacceptable and unsure in self-identity.[8]
Individuals with BPD are often described, including by some mental health professionals (and in the DSM-IV),[14] as deliberately manipulative or difficult, but analysis and findings generally trace behaviors to inner pain and turmoil, powerlessness and defensive reactions, or limited coping and communication skills.[15][16][n 4] There has been limited research on family members' understanding of borderline personality disorder and the extent of burden or negative emotion experienced or expressed by family members.[17] However the effect of expressed emotion by family members may actually be opposite (paradoxical) from the anticipated effect on individuals with such illnesses as depressive disorders and schizophrenia. For BPD such effect may be neutral or positive as opposed to negative, a counter-intuitive result.[18]
Parents of individuals with BPD have been reported to show co-existing extremes of over-involvement and under-involvement.[6] BPD has been linked to increased levels of chronic stress and conflict in romantic relationships, decreased satisfaction of romantic partners, abuse and unwanted pregnancy; these links may be general to personality disorder and subsyndromal problems.[19]
Suicidal or self-harming behavior is one of the core diagnostic criteria in DSM IV-TR, and management of and recovery from this can be complex and challenging.[20] The suicide rate is approximately 8 to 10 percent.[21] Self-injury attempts are highly common among patients and may or may not be carried out with suicidal intent.[22][23] BPD is often characterized by multiple low-lethality suicide attempts triggered by seemingly minor incidents, and less commonly by high-lethality attempts that are attributed to impulsiveness or comorbid major depression, with interpersonal stressors appearing to be particularly common triggers.[24] Ongoing family interactions and associated vulnerabilities can lead to self-destructive behavior.[6] Stressful life events related to sexual abuse have been found to be a particular trigger for suicide attempts by adolescents with a BPD diagnosis.[25]
Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on a clinical assessment by a qualified mental health professional. The assessment incorporates the patient's self-reported experiences as well as the clinician's observations. The resulting profile may be supported or corroborated by long-term patterns of behavior as reported by family members, friends or co-workers. The list of criteria that must be met for diagnosis is outlined in the DSM-IV-TR.[1]
Borderline personality disorder was once classified as a subset of schizophrenia (describing patients with borderline schizophrenic tendencies). Today BPD is used more generally to describe individuals who display emotional dysregulation and instability, with paranoid schizophrenic ideation or delusions being only one criterion (criterion #9) of a total of 9 criteria, of which 5, or more, must be present for this diagnosis.
Individuals with BPD are at high risk of developing other psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Other symptoms of BPD, such as dissociation, are frequently linked to severely traumatic childhood experiences, which some put forth as one of the many root causes of the borderline personality.
Adolescence
Onset of symptoms typically occurs during adolescence or young adulthood. Symptoms may persist for several years, but the majority of symptoms lessen in severity over time,[2] with some individuals fully recovering. The mainstay of treatment is various forms of psychotherapy, although medication and other approaches may also improve symptoms. While borderline personality disorder can manifest itself in children and teenagers, therapists are discouraged from diagnosing anyone before the age of 18, due to adolescence and a still-developing personality.
There are some instances when BPD can be evident and diagnosed before the age of 18. The DSM-IV states: "To diagnose a personality disorder in an individual under 18 years, the features must have been present for at least 1 year." In other words, it is possible to diagnose the disorder in children and adolescents, but a more conservative approach should be taken.
There is some evidence that BPD diagnosed in adolescence is predictive of the disease continuing into adulthood. It is possible that the diagnosis, if applicable, would be helpful in creating a more effective treatment plan for the child or teen.[1][26]
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, DSM IV-TR, a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines borderline personality disorder (in Axis II Cluster B) as:[1][14]
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects, as well as marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Note: Do not include suicidal or self-injuring behavior covered in Criterion 5
A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.
Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., promiscuous sex, eating disorders, binge eating, substance abuse, reckless driving). Note: Do not include suicidal or self-injuring behavior covered in Criterion 5
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats or self-injuring behavior such as cutting, interfering with the healing of scars (excoriation) or picking at oneself.
Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days).
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).
Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation, delusions or severe dissociative symptoms
It is a requirement of DSM-IV that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.
International Classification of Disease
The World Health Organization's ICD-10 defines a conceptually similar disorder to borderline personality disorder called (F60.3) Emotionally unstable personality disorder. It has two subtypes described below.[27]
F60.30 Impulsive type
At least three of the following must be present, one of which must be (2):
marked tendency to act unexpectedly and without consideration of the consequences;
marked tendency to quarrelsome behaviour and to conflicts with others, especially when impulsive acts are thwarted or criticized;
liability to outbursts of anger or violence, with inability to control the resulting behavioural explosions;
difficulty in maintaining any course of action that offers no immediate reward;
unstable and capricious mood.
It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.
F60.31 Borderline type
At least three of the symptoms mentioned in F60.30 Impulsive type must be present [see above], with at least two of the following in addition:
disturbances in and uncertainty about self-image, aims, and internal preferences (including sexual);
liability to become involved in intense and unstable relationships, often leading to emotional crisis;
excessive efforts to avoid abandonment;
recurrent threats or acts of self-harm;
chronic feelings of emptiness.
It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.
Chinese Society of Psychiatry
The Chinese Society of Psychiatry's CCMD has a comparable diagnosis of Impulsive Personality Disorder (IPD). A patient diagnosed as having IPD must display "affective outbursts" and "marked impulsive behavior," plus at least three out of eight other symptoms. The construct has been described as a hybrid of the impulsive and borderline subtypes of the ICD-10's Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder, and also incorporates six of the nine DSM BPD criteria.[28]
Millon's subtypes
Theodore Millon identified four subtypes of borderline.[n 5][n 6] Any individual borderline may exhibit none, or one or more of the following:
Discouraged borderline — including avoidant, depressive or dependent features
Impulsive borderline — including histrionic or antisocial features
Petulant borderline — including negativistic (passive-aggressive) features
Self-destructive borderline — including depressive or masochistic features
Differential diagnosis
Common comorbid (co-occurring) conditions are mental disorders such as substance abuse, depression and other mood and personality disorders.
Borderline personality disorder and mood disorders often appear concurrently.[2] Some features of borderline personality disorder may overlap with those of mood disorders, complicating the differential diagnostic assessment.[29][30][31]
Both diagnoses involve symptoms commonly known as "mood swings." In borderline personality disorder, the term refers to the marked lability and reactivity of mood defined as emotional dysregulation.[citation needed] The behavior is typically in response to external psychosocial and intrapsychic stressors, and may arise or subside, or both, suddenly and dramatically and last for seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks or months.[32]
Bipolar depression is generally more pervasive with sleep and appetite disturbances, as well as a marked nonreactivity of mood, whereas mood with respect to borderline personality and co-occurring dysthymia remains markedly reactive and sleep disturbance not acute.[33]
The relationship between bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder has been debated. Some hold that the latter represents a subthreshold form of affective disorder,[34][35] while others maintain the distinctness between the disorders, noting they often co-occur.[36][37]
Some findings suggest that BPD may lie on a bipolar spectrum, with a number of points of phenomenological and biological overlap between the affective lability criterion of borderline personality disorder and the extremely rapid cycling bipolar disorders.[38][39] Some findings suggest that the DSM-IV BPD diagnosis mixes up two sets of unrelated items—an affective instability dimension related to Bipolar-II, and an impulsivity dimension not related to Bipolar-II.[40]
It is important to emphasize that medical conditions which cause organic behavioral function may result in a clinical picture that mimics to some degree BPD. Hormonal dysfunction over a long period, or brain dysfunction (e.g. the encephalopathy caused by lyme disease) can result in identity disturbance and mood lability, as can many other chronic medical conditions such as lupus. These conditions may isolate the patient socially and emotionally, and/or cause limbic damage to the brain. However, this is not borderline personality disorder which results, but rather a reaction to the isolating circumstances caused by a medical condition and the possibly coincident struggles of the patient to control his or her mood given damage to the brain's limbic system. Heavy alcohol usage over a long period itself can cause an encephalopathy which may cause limbic damage. Various frontal lobe syndromes can result in disinhibition and impulsive behavior.
Comorbid (co-occurring) conditions in BPD are common. When comparing individuals diagnosed with BPD to those diagnosed with other personality disorders, the former showed a higher rate of also meeting criteria for[41]
anxiety disorders
mood disorders (including clinical depression and bipolar disorder)
eating disorders (including anorexia nervosa and bulimia)
and, to a lesser extent, somatoform or factitious disorders
dissociative disorders
Substance abuse is a common problem in BPD, whether due to impulsivity or as a coping mechanism, and 50 percent to 70 percent of psychiatric inpatients with BPD have been found to meet criteria for a substance use disorder, especially alcohol dependence or abuse which is often combined with the abuse of other drugs.[42]
Causes

As with other mental disorders, the causes of BPD are complex and not fully understood.[4] One finding is a history of childhood trauma, abuse or neglect,[43] although researchers have suggested diverse possible causes, such as a genetic predisposition, neurobiological factors, environmental factors, or brain abnormalities.[4]
There is evidence that suggests that BPD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are closely related.[7] Evidence further suggests that BPD might result from a combination that can involve a traumatic childhood, a vulnerable temperament and stressful maturational events during adolescence or adulthood.[44]
Childhood abuse
Numerous studies have shown a strong correlation between child abuse, especially child sexual abuse, and development of BPD.[43][45][46][47][48] Many individuals with BPD report to have had a history of abuse and neglect as young children.[49] Patients with BPD have been found to be significantly more likely to report having been verbally, emotionally, physically or sexually abused by caregivers of either gender. There has also been a high incidence of incest and loss of caregivers in early childhood for people with borderline personality disorder. They were also much more likely to report having caregivers (of both genders) deny the validity of their thoughts and feelings. They were also reported to have failed to provide needed protection, and neglected their child's physical care. Parents (of both sexes) were typically reported to have withdrawn from the child emotionally, and to have treated the child inconsistently. Additionally, women with BPD who reported a previous history of neglect by a female caregiver and abuse by a male caregiver were consequently at significantly higher risk for being sexually abused by a noncaregiver (not a parent).[50] It has been suggested that children who experience chronic early maltreatment and attachment difficulties may go on to develop borderline personality disorder.[51]
Other developmental factors
Some studies suggest that BPD may not necessarily be a trauma-spectrum disorder and that it is biologically distinct from the post-traumatic stress disorder that could be a precursor. The personality symptom clusters seem to be related to specific abuses, but they may be related to more persistent aspects of interpersonal and family environments in childhood.
Otto Kernberg formulated a theory of borderline personality based on a premise of failure to develop in childhood. Writing in the psychoanalytic tradition, Kernberg argued that failure to achieve the developmental task of psychic clarification of self and other can result in an increased risk to develop varieties of psychosis, while failure to overcome splitting results in an increased risk to develop a borderline personality.[52]
Genetics
An overview of the existing literature suggested that traits related to BPD are influenced by genes.[53] A major twin study found that if one identical twin met criteria for BPD, the other also met criteria in 35 percent of cases. People that have BPD influenced by genes usually have a close relative with the disorder.[54]
Twin, sibling and other family studies indicate a partially heritable basis for impulsive aggression, but studies of serotonin-related genes to date have suggested only modest contributions to behavior.[55]
Mediators and moderators

This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please improve this article to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (July 2010)
While research has examined variables that predict the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD), researchers have only recently begun to examine the variables that mediate and moderate the relationships between these variables and the development of the disorder. A mediator is a variable that affects how the relationship occurs. Mediation is said to be present when both the predictor variable and the mediating variable are significantly correlated with the dependent variable, and when the relationship between the predictor variable and the outcome variable is significantly reduced when controlling for the mediating variable.[56] A moderating variable by contrast specifies the conditions under which a given outcome will occur. Moderation is said to occur when there is an interaction effect between the predicting variable and the moderating variable on the dependent variable.[56] More specifically, the effect of the predicting variable is different depending on the level of the moderating variable.
Research has found statistically significant relationships between BPD symptoms and both sexual and physical abuse. Other factors including family environment variables also contribute to the development of the disorder.[57] Bradley et al.[57] found that both child sexual abuse (CSA) and childhood physical abuse and BPD symptoms were significantly related, and both CSA and childhood physical abuse were significantly related to family environment. When family environment and childhood physical abuse were entered simultaneously into a regression equation, family environment was related to BPD symptoms and childhood physical abuse was related to BPD symptoms, although the relationship between BPD symptoms and childhood physical abuse was reduced. Therefore, CSA and childhood physical abuse both directly influence the development of BPD symptoms directly and are mediated by family environment.[57]
Other research has examined the relationship between negative affectivity, thought suppression and BPD symptoms. The results of the mediational models in this study found that thought suppression mediated the relationship between negative affectivity and BPD symptoms.[58] While negative affectivity significantly predicted BPD symptoms after controlling for CSA, this relationship was greatly reduced when thought suppression was introduced into the model. Thus, the relationship of negative affectivity to BPD symptoms is mediated by thought suppression.
Ayduk et al. (2008)[59] found an interaction between rejection sensitivity and executive control in the prediction of BPD symptoms. This study found that BPD features were positively associated with rejection sensitivity (RS) and neuroticism and negatively associated with emotional control (EC). Their statistical analysis indicated that among those low in EC, RS was positively related to BPD features and among those high in RS, EC was negatively associated with BPD. By contrast, among those high in EC, RS was not significantly related to BP features, and among those low in RS, EC was not related to BPD features. In Study 2, BPD features were positively correlated to RS and negatively correlated with executive control. Additionally, the authors found that delay gratification times at age 4 had no significant relationship with BPD features at the time of the current study. Again, as in Study 1, the RS x EC interaction was significant. Among those low in EC, RS was positively related to BPD features, while among those high in EC, the effect of RS was reduced to marginal significance. Moreover, among those high in RS, EC was negatively associated with BPD features, but among those low in RS, EC was unrelated to BPD features.
Parker, Boldero and Bell (2006)[60] indicated that both AI and AO self-discrepancy magnitudes were strongly correlated to each other and to BPD features. Self-complexity was not significantly related to any of the other factors. Among those high in self-complexity, the relationship between AI self-discrepancy magnitudes and BPD features was lower than among those with less self-complexity. Actual-ought self-discrepancy relationship with BPD features was not significantly moderated by self-complexity.
BPD is complex, and several factors have an impact on whether clinical features of BPD are present. None of the prediction factors above are sufficient to be the key factor in the development of BPD features. Increased knowledge of the development of the disorder may help prevent symptom aggravation and identify new treatment strategies. Future research should integrate the knowledge gained from these areas and study these variables simultaneously. Studies in which these variables are simultaneously examined would provide greater specificity in the relationships between the variables. These articles taken together not only increase our knowledge of what factors and variables lead to the development of BPD features and BPD itself but also, when taken together, indicate future lines of research yet to be studied.
Management

Main article: Management of borderline personality disorder
Psychotherapy forms the foundation of treatment for borderline personality disorder with medications playing a lesser role.[61] Treatments should be based on individual case presentation, rather than upon the diagnosis of BPD with co-morbid conditions determining medications us, if any.[62] Hospitalization has not been found to improve outcomes or prevent suicide over community care in those with BPD.[63]
Psychotherapy
A number of techniques have been studied for borderline personality disorder including cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and psychodynamic therapy among others.[61][64] A special problem of psychotherapy with borderline patients is intense projection. It requires the psychotherapist to be flexible in considering negative attributions by the patient rather than quickly interpreting the projection.[65]
Medications
The evidence of benefit for antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, and omega-3 fatty acids is weak.[66] Antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilisers (such as lithium) are regularly used however to treat co-morbid symptoms such as depression.
Services
Individuals with BPD sometimes use mental health services extensively. They accounted for about 20 percent of psychiatric hospitalizations in one survey.[67] The majority of BPD patients continue to use outpatient treatment in a sustained manner for several years, but the number using the more restrictive and costly forms of treatment, such as inpatient admission, declines with time.[68] Experience of services varies.[69] Assessing suicide risk can be a challenge for mental health services (and patients themselves tend to underestimate the lethality of self-injurious behaviours) with typically a chronically elevated risk of suicide much above that of the general population and a history of multiple attempts when in crisis.[70]
Prognosis

The American Psychiatric Association states that recent advancements have led to treatments reaching an 86% remission rate 10 years after treatment.[71]
Particular difficulties have been observed in the relationship between care providers and individuals diagnosed with BPD. A majority of psychiatric staff report finding individuals with BPD moderately to extremely difficult to work with, and more difficult than other client groups.[72] Some clients feel a diagnosis is helpful, allowing them to understand they are not alone, and to connect with others who have BPD and who have developed helpful coping mechanisms. On the other hand, some with the diagnosis of BPD have reported that the term "BPD" felt like a pejorative label rather than a helpful diagnosis, that self-destructive behaviour was incorrectly perceived as manipulative, and that they had limited access to care.[73] Attempts are made to improve public and staff attitudes.[74][75]
Epidemiology

The prevalence of BPD in the general population ranges from 1 to 2 percent.[76][77] The diagnosis appears to be several times more common in (especially young) women than in men, by as much as 3:1, according to the DSM-IV-TR,[1] although the reasons for this are not clear.[78]
The prevalence of BPD in the United States has been calculated as 1 percent to 3 percent of the adult population,[4] with approximately 75 percent of those diagnosed being female.[79] It has been found to account for 20 percent of psychiatric hospitalizations.
History

Since the earliest record of medical history, the coexistence of intense, divergent moods within an individual has been recognized by such writers as Homer, Hippocrates and Aretaeus, the last describing the vacillating presence of impulsive anger, melancholia and mania within a single person. After medieval suppression of the concept, it was revived by Swiss physician Théophile Bonet in 1684, who, using the term folie maniaco-mélancolique,[n 7] noted the erratic and unstable moods with periodic highs and lows that rarely followed a regular course. His observations were followed by those of other writers who noted the same pattern, including writers such as the American psychiatrist C. Hughes in 1884 and J.C. Rosse in 1890, who described "borderline insanity"[citation needed]. Kraepelin, in 1921, identified an "excitable personality" that closely parallels the borderline features outlined in the current concept of borderline.[n 1]
Adolf Stern wrote the first significant psychoanalytic work to use the term "borderline" in 1938,[80] referring to a group of patients with what was thought to be a mild form of schizophrenia, on the borderline between neurosis and psychosis. For the next decade the term was in popular and colloquial use, a loosely conceived designation mostly used by theorists of the psychoanalytic and biological schools of thought[citation needed]. Increasingly, theorists who focused on the operation of social forces were recognized as well.
The 1960s and 1970s saw a shift from thinking of the borderline syndrome as borderline schizophrenia to thinking of it as a borderline affective disorder (mood disorder), on the fringes of manic depression, cyclothymia and dysthymia. In DSM-II, stressing the affective components, it was called cyclothymic personality (affective personality).[1] In parallel to this evolution of the term "borderline" to refer to a distinct category of disorder, psychoanalysts such as Otto Kernberg were using it to refer to a broad spectrum of issues, describing an intermediate level of personality organization[n 1] between neurotic and psychotic processes.[81]
Standardized criteria were developed[82] to distinguish BPD from affective disorders and other Axis I disorders, and BPD became a personality disorder diagnosis in 1980 with the publication of DSM-III.[76] The diagnosis was formulated predominantly in terms of mood and behavior, distinguished from sub-syndromal schizophrenia which was termed "Schizotypal personality disorder".[81] The final terminology in use by the DSM today was decided by the DSM-IV Axis II Work Group of the American Psychiatric Association.[n 8]
Society and culture

Film and television
Several films portraying characters either explicitly diagnosed or with traits strongly suggestive of mental illness have been the subject of discussion by certain psychiatrists and film experts. The films Play Misty for Me[83] and Fatal Attraction are two examples,[84] as is the memoir Girl, Interrupted by Susanna Kaysen (and the movie based on it, with Winona Ryder as the patient with BPD). Each of these films suggests the emotional instability of the disorder; however, the first two cases show a person more aggressive to others than to herself, which in fact is less typical.[85] The 1992 film Single White Female suggests different aspects of the disorder: the character Hedy suffers from a markedly disturbed sense of identity and, as with the last two films, abandonment leads to drastic measures.[86]
The character of Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader, in the Star Wars hexology, has been "diagnosed" as having BPD. Psychiatrists Eric Bui and Rachel Rodgers have argued that the character meets six of the nine diagnostic criteria; Bui also found Anakin a useful example to explain BPD to medical students. In particular, Bui points to the character's abandonment issues, uncertainty over his identity and dissociative episodes.[87] Other films attempting to depict characters with the disorder include The Crush, Malicious, Interiors, Notes On a Scandal, The Cable Guy and Cracks.[84] The film Borderline, based on the book of the same name by Marie-Sissi Labrèche, attempts to explore BPD through the story of Kiki.
Literature
The memoir, Songs of Three Islands, by Millicent Monks is a meditation on how BPD has haunted several generations of the wealthy Carnegie family.
Awareness
In early 2008, the United States House of Representatives declared the month of May as Borderline Personality Disorder Awareness Month.[88][89]
Controversies

Gender
The diagnosis of BPD has been criticized from a feminist perspective.[90] This is because some of the diagnostic criteria/symptoms of the disorder uphold common gender stereotypes about women. For example, the criteria of "a pattern of unstable personal relationships, unstable self-image, and instability of mood," can all be linked to the stereotype that women are "neither decisive nor constant".[91] The question has also been raised of why women are three times more likely to be diagnosed with BPD than men.[n 9] Some think that people with BPD commonly have a history of sexual abuse in childhood.[92] One feminist critique suggests that BPD is a stigmatizing diagnosis that can sometimes evoke negative responses from health care providers, and additionally, that women who have survived sexual abuse in childhood are therefore sometimes re-traumatized by any such abusive mental health service.[93]
Some feminist writers have suggested it would be better to give these women the diagnosis of a post-traumatic disorder as this would acknowledge their abuse, but others have argued that the use of the PTSD diagnosis merely medicalizes abuse rather than addressing the root causes in society.[94] Women may be more likely to receive a personality disorder diagnosis if they reject the female role by being hostile, successful or sexually active; alternatively if a woman presents with psychiatric symptoms but does not conform to a traditional passive sick role, she may be labelled as a "difficult" patient and given the stigmatizing diagnosis of BPD.[95]
Stigma
The features of BPD include emotional instability, intense unstable interpersonal relationships, a need for relatedness and a fear of rejection. As a result, people with BPD often evoke intense emotions in those around them. Pejorative terms to describe persons with BPD such as “difficult,” “treatment resistant,” “manipulative,” “demanding” and “attention seeking" are often used, and may become a self-fulfilling prophecy as the clinician's negative response triggers further self-destructive behaviour.[96] In psychoanalytic theory, this stigmatization may be thought to reflect countertransference (when a therapist projects their own feelings on to a client), as people with BPD are prone to use defense mechanisms such as splitting and projective identification. Thus the diagnosis "often says more about the clinician's negative reaction to the patient than it does about the patient ... as an expression of counter transference hate, borderline explains away the breakdown in empathy between the therapist and the patient and becomes an institutional epithet in the guise of pseudoscientific jargon" (Aronson, p 217).[81]
This inadvertent counter transference can give rise to inappropriate clinical responses including excessive use of medication, inappropriate mothering and punitive use of limit setting and interpretation.[97] People with BPD are seen as among the most challenging groups of patients, requiring a high degree of skill and training in the psychiatrists, therapists and nurses involved in their treatment.[98] While some clinicians agree with the diagnosis under the name "borderline personality disorder", some would like the name to be changed.[99] One critique says that some who are labeled "Borderline Personality Disorder" feel this name is unhelpful, stigmatizing, and/or inaccurate.[99]
The Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders (TARA-APD) campaigns to change the name and designation of BPD in DSM-5.[100] The paper How Advocacy is Bringing BPD into the Light[101] reports that "the name BPD is confusing, imparts no relevant or descriptive information, and reinforces existing stigma...".
Terminology
Because of the above concerns, and because of a move away from the original theoretical basis for the term (see history), there is ongoing debate about renaming BPD. Alternative suggestions for names include emotional regulation disorder or emotional dysregulation disorder. Impulse disorder and interpersonal regulatory disorder are other valid alternatives, according to John Gunderson of McLean Hospital in the United States.[102] Another term (for example, by psychiatrist Carolyn Quadrio) is post traumatic personality disorganization (PTPD), reflecting the condition's status as (often) both a form of chronic post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a personality disorder in the belief that it is a common outcome of developmental or attachment trauma.[48] Some people do not report any kind of traumatic event.[n 10]

Borderline personality disorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Borderline personality disorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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